Analogue Gravitation and Cosmology

8 nov. 2023, 08:00 → 9 nov. 2023, 12:51 Europe/Paris

Room 13—23.210 (access via the second floor of tower 23) (LKB à Paris)

SCIENTIFIC THEMES:

 

In order to gauge the level of interest in a “Transverse Task Force” of the GDR COPHY (https://gdrcophy.in2p3.fr), we propose to organize a workshop on the theme of Analogue Gravity and Analogue Cosmology on November 8 and 9, 2023 at the LKB (Jussieu) in Paris. Analogue Gravity/Cosmology is an ever-expanding field that is experiencing continued success. Indeed, numerous field theory phenomena have been experimentally observed in the laboratory using analogue  systems. We may cite three examples: 

- Surface waves on inhomogeneous flows provide an historic example of an analogue system, in which the Hawking effect, rotational superradiance, and wormhole traversal have been observed in the laboratory. Institut Pprime is currently looking at the black hole laser effect based on their observation of the Hawking effect. Several new devices are being studied to mimic cosmological phenomena, such as the creation of particles during an inflationary phase, or the merging of analogue galaxies.

- Atomic Bose-Einstein condensates represent another historic platform for Analogue Gravity. The team at Institut d’Optique have used a modulated condensate to mimic and observe certain aspects of preheating physics. Recently, new theoretical developments have accompanied the development of a new experiment which should make it possible to highlight the quantum statistics of the emission in the system.

- Quantum fluids of light constitute a new platform for the quantum simulation of fields in curved space-time, allowing the observation of quantum statistics of fields in a finely controlled geometry. Two experiments are underway at the Kastler Brossel Laboratory, where black hole geometries of the Kerr and Schwarzschild type are studied and where it was recently shown that it is possible to excite, with vacuum fluctuations, the quasi-normal modes of the quantum field. Attempts to observe this effect are currently underway.

The task force will strengthen the links between different Analogue Gravity/Cosmology groups by creating a formal discussion forum, and will facilitate the exchange of doctoral students and post-docs, the organization of conferences, the preparation of grant proposals, etc. In addition, the increased proximity with the GDR COPHY theory groups will make it possible i) to bring the tools of relativity to the attention of condensed matter physicists, and ii) to make results of experiments known to the high-energy community.

 

The workshop will take place at the Jussieu campus: Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris (metro stop “Jussieu”, on lines 7 and 10). Room 13—23.210 (access via the second floor of tower 23).

 

ORAL PRESENTATIONS:

• Tangui Aladjidi (Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Paris)
• Alessia Biondi (Università di Pisa)
• Alexis Bossard (Institut Pprime, Futuroscope)
• Giorgio Ciliberto (LPTMS, Orsay)
• Victor Gondret (Institut d'Optique, Orsay)
• Maxime Jacquet (Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, Paris)
• Dimitrios Kranas (LPENS, Paris)
• Jérôme Martin (IAP, Paris)
• Jean-Paul Martischang (IEMN, Lille)
• Scott Robertson (Institut Pprime, Futuroscope)
• Germain Rousseaux (Institut Pprime, Futuroscope)
• Dmitry Solnyshkov (Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand)

 

 

mercredi 8 novembre

1 Welcome

2 Introduction to the Workshop by M. Jacquet, S. Robertson and G. Rousseaux,

Orateurs: Maxime JACQUET (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université et CNRS), M. Scott Robertson (CNRS (Institut Pprime)), Germain ROUSSEAUX (CNRS (Institut Pprime))

TTFAGAC-November2023.pdf

3 Cosmology and inflation: where do we stand?

Orateur: Jérôme Martin (IAP)

gdr.pdf

4 Measures of entanglement and quantum nonlocality in a Bose-Einstein acoustic black hole

In this talk I will present several measures of entanglement in an acoustic black hole realized in the flow of a Bose-Einstein condensate. I will specifically address (1) the resilience of the signal to a finite temperature and (2) how the specifics of the setting we consider enable to study tripartite observables of nonlocality.

Orateur: Giorgio Ciliberto (LPTMS, Paris-Saclay University)

AG_LKB_8_11_2023.pdf

5 Pause

6 From Bossut to Rayleigh-Plesset : how classical mechanics (including hydrodynamics) can shed light on cosmology.

In this talk, we introduce several analogies between classical mechanics (including hydrodynamics) and cosmology. In particular, we show that the Friedman-Lemaître set of equations at the theoretical roots of the description of the Universe Expansion can be written in a mathematical form akin to the Rayleigh-Plesset equation which rules the dynamics of a bubble in a liquid. Hence the ratio between the speed of the bubble interface to its radius can be considered as an analogue of the Lemaître-Hubble expansion rate parameter. We discussed its interpretation by recalling the example of the varying length pendulum by the Bossut Abbot whose relative rate of lengthening is also an analogue of the (Bossut)-Lemaître-Hubble parameter. We discussed possible implementation of these ideas in laboratory systems for future experiments.

Orateur: Germain ROUSSEAUX (CNRS)

GDR-COPHY-ANACOS-2023-short.pdf

7 Free Lunch Time

8 Update on rotating geometry experiments with polaritons

QFT on curved geometries has predicted a number of pair-emission processes like rotational superradiance. These occur when the acoustic field in a quantum fluid scatters on some intangible surface of the fluid. For example, superradiance results from the scattering of acoustic waves (possibly in their vacuum state) at the surface where the total velocity of the fluid exceeds the speed of sound. The twist in the fluid flow induced by the transition from sub- to supersonic velocities creates an energetic instability that yields entangled acoustic excitations on either side of the surface. Fluid acceleration and twists allow us to engineer bespoke curved geometries in the laboratory to investigate outstanding QFT effects.
At Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, we use the acoustic field in a quantum fluid of light as a model for QFT on curved geometries. The fluid of light is realised with microcavity exciton-polaritons, whose flow can be controlled all-optically while all quantum statistics of emission may be measured with spectroscopy and homodyne detection.
In this talk, I will review the basic arguments supporting the modelling of QFT in our experiment, explain how polaritons are created and manipulated in the lab and present new theoretical results on entanglement from superradiance and advances with the experiments.

Orateur: Maxime JACQUET (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université et CNRS)

2023_cophylkb.pdf

9 Looking for the black hole LASER effect in Hydrodynamics

The black hole LASER effect is a theoretical prediction in General Relativity proposed by Vilenkin in 1978 for one horizon [1] and rediscovered in Analogue Gravity by Corley and Jacobson in 1999 for two horizons [2]. According to them, the superadiance effect (with rotation) or Hawking effect (without rotation) could be amplified by a "laser cavity" formed by either one horizon (a “super-reflecting mirror”) and a reflecting mirror or two time-reversed horizons (an outer horizon and an inner horizon in the case of a charged black hole for instance). The amplification is caused by both the presence of negative energy modes (of rotating or draining types ), i.e. antiparticles in astrophysics, and a dispersive correction which converts the trapped modes into bouncing modes in between both boundaries of the LASER cavity. Therefore, theoretical proposals emerged for analogous systems like in optics with no experimental realization in any analogue system despite false alarms, as dispersive analogous systems allow for superluminal or subluminal corrections or even subluminal followed by superluminal correctios [3-5]. In interfacial hydrodynamics, to construct an experimental analogue black hole laser effect, several horizons are needed, and a non-dispersive horizon is constructed with an accelerating or decelerating flow until the Froude number, defined as the ratio of the velocity of the flow, U, to the velocity of the long gravity waves, (where g is the gravity field and h the water depth), is equal to 1. Experimentally, an obstacle is placed in a free-surface channel to accelerate or decelerate a flow depending on the value of the upstream Froude number and make horizons. We will present our recent works on open channel flows over two successive obstacles (in order to create a white horizon and a successive black horizon with subluminal correction) in canal of a metric size in order to look for hydrodynamical regimes that would accommodate the laser effect manifesting itself as a hydrodynamic instability [6]. We will finish with a presentation of our more recent work on reproducing the Nice experiments [7] and the influence of dispersive horizons on Hawking radiation [8].

References:
[1] Vilenkin, A. (1978). Exponential amplification of waves in the gravitational field of ultrarelativistic rotating body. Physics Letters B, 78(2-3), 301-303.
[2] Corley, S., & Jacobson, T. (1999). Black hole lasers. Physical Review D, 59(12), 124011.
[3] Faccio, D., Arane, T., Lamperti, M., & Leonhardt, U. (2012). Optical black hole lasers. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 29(22), 224009.
[4] Leonhardt, U., & Philbin, T. G. (2007). Black hole lasers revisited. Quantum analogues: from phase transitions to black holes and cosmology, 229-245.
[5] Peloquin, C., Euvé, L. P., Philbin, T., & Rousseaux, G. (2016). Analog wormholes and black hole laser effects in hydrodynamics. Physical Review D, 93(8), 084032.
[6] Coutant, A., & Parentani, R. (2010). Black hole lasers, a mode analysis. Physical Review D, 81(8), 084042.
[7] Rousseaux, G., Mathis, C., Maïssa, P., Philbin, T. G., & Leonhardt, U. (2008). Observation of negative-frequency waves in a water tank: a classical analogue to the Hawking effect?. New Journal of Physics, 10(5), 053015.

Orateur: Alexis Bossard (Université de Poitiers (Institut Pprime))

Présentation GDR COPHY Alexis BOSSARD.pdf

10 Pause

11 Effective field theory of Analogue Gravity

In this talk, we introduce a novel method for building an analog model with a Bose-Einstein condensate, in which the analogue metric is obtained using an effective field theory and a microscopic Lagrangian with a quartic interaction. The microscopic Lagrangian that we introduce is obtained first assuming that our system is described by a complex massive scalar field, and and then requiring that there must be a spontaneously broken global U(1) symmetry. Using the developed method, we obtain two main original results. The first original result is the calculation of the next-to-leading order Lagrangian in terms of the microscopic Lagrangian’s parameters and of the dispersion law for phonon pairs in the presence of an acoustic horizon generated by the BEC’s flow. We will study, in addition, a particular case. The second relevant result is the design of an original procedure to calculate the density-density correlation function through the field theory tools.

Orateur: Alessia Biondi (Università di Pisa)

Workshop_Paris_8_9_November_2023 (5).pdf

12 Optical white-black hole horizons and entanglement

The entanglement shared by the emitted particle fluxes is the very quantum signature of the Hawking process. Stimulated and spontaneously generated Hawking radiation has been experimentally investigated in several platforms, but measuring entanglement has proven to be elusive, due to its faint and fragile character. In this talk, I will discuss the main results of my work on optical analog white-black hole pairs sharing an interior and produced within a nonlinear optical material. In particular, I will discuss the tunability of entanglement based on the input quantum state. For instance, the use of single-mode squeezed states increases the amount of entanglement in the Hawking process in a controllable way which opens a promising avenue for confirming the quantum origin of the Hawking effect in the lab. To make contact with experiments, I explore the effects of ambient noise, such as thermal fluctuations, and detector inefficiencies on quantum correlations. Interestingly, we find that entanglement generated in the optical setups is naturally shielded against thermal fluctuations being at rest in the laboratory frame. Finally, I investigate the optical lasing configuration and utilize it as an alternative way of amplifying the amount of entanglement in the Hawking process.

Orateur: Dimitrios Kranas (LPENS, ENS Paris)

Dimitrios Kranas LKB talk.pdf

13 Quenches and quantum fluctuations in a fluid of light

Hot atomic vapors are widely used in non-linear and quantum optics due to their large Kerr non-linearity. This non-linearity induces effective photon-photon interactions allowing light to behave as a fluid displaying quantum properties such as superfluidity. Quantum fluids of light rely on the analogy between the non-linear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) describing the propagation of light in non-linear media and the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) describing a weakly interacting Bose gas. By studying the effect of interaction quenches of the nonlinear index term in the fluid, we evidence the dynamical Casimir effect i.e the spontaneous emission of correlated pairs of phonons. This has profound implications for analogue physics since our evolution equation can be mapped onto a space-time metric, it is then possible to reinterpret this emission as the emission of acoustic waves (Sakharov oscillations), similarly to the early universe

Orateur: Tangui Aladjidi (LKB)

main.pdf

14 Simulating orbiting bodies: can a soap film make a good spacetime replica?

The intricacy of general relativity has fostered the creation of numerous simplified models and representations, that are founded on the principle of a stretched membrane distorted by bodies moving on its surface. However, an inherent limitation in these systems is that these bodies are solid discrete masses, hence limiting their potential for representing complex merging dynamics like those witnessed in galaxies. In this talk, we investigate the potential of a new system based on a horizontal soap film, stretched over a circular frame, to shed light on these phenomena. Indeed, if a drop of water is placed on such a film, it creates a lens that distorts it as a result of gravity, with steady dimensions for durations of the order of a minute. Hence, it is possible to have multiple lenses interact, allowing them to mutually attract each other under the influence of the film's deformation, before merging in complex dynamics. Currently, our team is developing models to study this system, and our aim is to investigate its potential and limitations for conducting analog cosmology experiments in the future.

Orateur: Jean-Paul Martischang (Université de Lille)

jeudi 9 novembre

15 Towards analogue black hole merger

We study the effects of the wavevector-dependent losses on polariton condensates. We demonstrate that because of these losses, a single vortex becomes a center of a convergent flow, which allows describing it by an analogue Kerr black hole metric with a dynamically evolving origin. For a pair of vortices, we find an analogue of the 3rd Kepler's law and estimate the emission rate of the gravitational waves. We simulate an analogue of the inspiral phase of a black hole merger. Our work therefore suggests that polariton condensates with quantum vortices represent a setting with a fully self-consistent dynamical metric for broad analogue studies.

Orateur: Dmitry Solnyshkov (Université Clermont Auvergne)

Solnyshkov.pdf

16 Analogue preheating in a 1D condensate

The Analogue Gravity program has had considerable success recently, with ultracold gases playing a particularly prominent role as a system in which quantum aspects of field theory in curved spacetime can be explored. In this talk, I will present the analogy between a modulated 1D condensate and the preheating stage of cosmology, whereby a large number of quasiparticle pairs are excited out of vacuum. Particular attention will be paid to the role played by quasiparticle interactions in the suppression of the growth and the loss of quantum coherence of the produced pairs.

Orateur: Scott Robertson (CNRS (Institut Pprime))

COPHY_slides.pdf

17 Pause

18 Correlated phonon pairs in a cosmological simulation using a Bose-Einstein condensate

In standard cosmological models, inflation is driven by a quantum field, the inflaton, whose constant energy density drives the superluminal expansion of the universe. When inflation stops, the universe has an extremely low density but the inflaton field starts to oscillate around its minimum of energy and decays into entangled pairs of particles. This is known as the pre-heating phase. Created pairs of particles then start to interact leading to decoherence and thermalization: the re-heating stage.
Although in situ observation of inflaton particle creation process is impossible, pair pro- duction through parametric amplification is analogous to the creation of phonon pairs in a Bose-Einstein (BEC) condensate whose interaction strength is temporally modulated. Modulating the stiffness of a dipole trap of a cigar shaped BEC is equivalent to modulating the effective one-dimensional interaction strength in a BEC, and thus we are able to probe the correlation of entangled metastable helium atoms by the use of a micro-channel plate detector (MCP). Our experimental procedure is the following: we modulate in time the trap stiffness of the dipole trap laser and then release the trap. The number of phonon pairs is expected to depend on the duration of the excitation, its amplitude, and the excitation frequency. However, the parameter range over which the entanglement of the phonon pairs can be observed is expected to be quite narrow. We report on our investigations of the entanglement and correlations of the pairs.

Orateur: Victor Gondret (Institut d'Optique Graduate School)

2023-11WorkshopAnalogGravity.pdf

19 General Discussion and Perspectives for the Transverse Task Force

20 End of the Workshop